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Got an A- in a class I didn't participate in. Would it be okay to go to this professor and ask him/her for a LOR? I would bring my resume, a document with the reasons I have for transferring, and talk to him/her about all the things/ways of thinking I learned from the class. I'm afraid the prof will be like "you didn't speak up once and now you want a LOR? pft" and "you want to transfer out after one semester at the school? why?" Will this result in a mediocre LOR at best or do profs give decent LORs based on A-s?

If the prof doesn't know you from Adam other than your grade, then I can't imagine that the LoR will be an impressive one. A good LoR requires insight into the person it's being written about.

If you're just trying to fill space on the application though, go for it.

Would it be okay to ask and will your prof probably do it? Sure. Will the LOR be any good? Almost certainly not. It's not a matter of the prof being frustrated with you for your class participation, grade, or leaving - he just doesn't really have anything personal to say about you that your grade doesn't already say (even if you give him a doc to guide his LOR and meet with him briefly).